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Glycosidases Glycosylases are a group of enzymes that includes glucosidases, mannosidases and heparanases. There
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Drug Analysis Enzymes Drug analysis enzymes are enzymes used in ELISA that specifically identify drugs and their metabolit
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Nucleases (DNases and RNases) Enzymes that can break the phosphodiester bond of a polynucleotide chain are called nucleases. Nucle
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Enzymes for tissue Dissociation Tissue dissociative enzymes are a class of enzymes used for the dissociation of various tissues, inc
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Coenzymes Coenzymes are a general term for a large group of organic cofactors that are essential for enzymes t
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Enzymes
An enzyme is a biological molecule that catalyzes a chemical reaction or causes a chemical change in another substance. The molecules transformed by enzymes are called substrates. Some enzymes act independently but others require the assistance of coenzymes in order to function correctly. Enzymes are generally globular proteins and range from just 62 amino acid residues in size. A small number of RNA-based biological catalysts exist, with the most common being the ribosome; these are referred to as either RNA-enzymes or ribozymes.
Enzyme Classification
An enzyme's name is often derived from its substrate or the chemical reaction it catalyzes. The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology have developed a nomenclature for enzymes based broadly on the mechanism of action. Each enzyme is described by a sequence of four numbers preceded by "EC".
EC 1 Oxidoreductases: catalyze oxidation and reduction reactions
EC 2 Transferases: transfer a functional group (e.g. a methyl or phosphate group)
EC 3 Hydrolases: catalyze the hydrolysis of various bonds
EC 4 Lyases: cleave various bonds by means other than hydrolysis and oxidation
EC 5 Isomerases: catalyze isomerization changes within a single molecule
EC 6 Ligases: join two molecules with covalent bonds
Regulation and Disease
Enzymes are usually very selective as to which reactions they catalyze and the substrates that are involved in these reactions. This selectivity is extremely important as enzymes serve a wide variety of key functions inside living organisms. They are essential for metabolic function and signal transduction pathways. Tight control of enzyme activity is essential for homeostasis. Malfunction of a single enzyme by mutation, overproduction, underproduction or deletion, can lead to a genetic disease. For example, mutations in genes coding for DNA repair enzymes cause hereditary cancer syndromes such as Xeroderma Pigmentosum. Enzyme inhibitors, substrates and activators are commonly used in the treatment of many diseases, for example, cyclooxygenase inhibitors and the treatment of inflammation.
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