Vaccine adjuvant is very important to improve the efficacy of vaccine.

Adjuvants are substances added to vaccines to enhance the immunogenicity of high-purity antigens with insufficient immune stimulation ability.?Some vaccines made from weakened or killed bacteria contain natural adjuvants that can help the body produce a strong protective immune response.?However, most vaccines developed today contain only a small part of bacteria, such as their proteins, not the whole virus or bacteria.?Adjuvants help to initiate antigen induced innate immune responses.?Activated effectors, such as APCs, then move to draining lymph nodes, where they control the type, size, and quality of adaptive immune responses.?Therefore, the correct matching of antigen and adjuvant can enhance the downstream adaptive immune response, so as to develop new and effective vaccines.

How does vaccine adjuvant work?

Adjuvants are usually divided into two categories: carriers and immune stimulants, some of which have two properties.

The carrier is usually granular (mineral salt, such as aluminum hydroxide, lotion, liposome).?They provide selective display of multiple antigens, mimicking the natural display of microorganisms.?The carrier is used to deposit antigen at the administration site or increase its delivery to APC (particles and nanoparticles).

Immune stimulants (TLR agonists, saponins, cytokines, etc.) directly target and activate immune system cells, and can enhance individual immune response to antigens.

Main characteristics of vaccine adjuvants

Provide functionally appropriate types of immune response (e.g., helper T cell 1 (Th1) and Th2 cells, CD8 + and CD4 + T cells, specific antibody isoforms).

Change the breadth, specificity and affinity of immune response.

It is well tolerated and will not cause local or systemic reactions.

Improve the initial response rate, which may be crucial in pandemic infection outbreaks.

Improve memory, especially T cell memory.

It is compatible with antigen and can be used to prepare stable and repeatable vaccine.

Easy to use, it can be prepared with antigen or used for injection.

Production can be repeated to ensure the same performance between batches and produced according to the quality benchmark of the required application.

As a leading supplier of life sciences, Aladdin has been doing its best to provide various vaccine adjuvants for human and animal health.?With our expertise, Aladdin can choose the most appropriate adjuvant for each vaccine development project.?We have a strict quality management system to ensure the lowest price, the best quality and timely delivery of our products.

Several different adjuvants are used in U.S. vaccines.

Aluminum
Aluminum-containing adjuvants are vaccine ingredients that have been used in vaccines since the 1930s. Small amounts of aluminum are added to help the body build stronger immunity against the germ in the vaccine. Aluminum is one of the most common metals found in nature and is present in air, food, and water. Scientific research has shown the amount of?aluminum exposure in people who follow the recommended vaccine schedule is low and is not readily absorbed by the body. Read the?research on aluminum exposure and vaccines.external icon??Also, see FDA’s web page on?common ingredients in U.S. licensed vaccinesexternal icon?for more information.

AS04
Beginning in 2009, monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) was used in one U.S. vaccine (Cervarix?); however, the vaccine is no longer available in the United States due to low market demand. This immune-boosting substance was isolated from the surface of bacteria.

MF59
MF59 is the adjuvant contained in Fluad (an influenza vaccine licensed for adults aged 65 or older). MF59 is an oil-in-water emulsion composed of squalene, which is a naturally occurring oil found in many plant and animal cells, as well as in humans. MF59, used in flu vaccines in Europe since 1997 and in the United States since 2016, has been given to millions of people and has an excellent safety record.

AS01B
AS01B?is an adjuvant suspension used with the antigen component of Shingrix vaccine. Shingrix is the recombinant zoster vaccine recommended for persons aged 50 years or older. AS01B?is made of up of monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL), an immune-boosting substance isolated from the surface of bacteria, and QS-21, a natural compound extracted from the Chilean soapbark tree (Quillaja saponaria?Molina). In pre-licensure clinical trials, AS01B?was associated with local and systemic reactions, but the overall safety profile was reassuring.

AS01B?is also a component of vaccines currently being tested in clinical trials, including malaria and HIV vaccines. To date, these trials have included over 15,000 people.

CpG 1018
CpG 1018 is a recently developed adjuvant used in Heplisav-B vaccine. It is made up of cytosine phosphoguanine (CpG) motifs, which is a synthetic form of DNA that mimics bacterial and viral genetic material. When CpG 1018is included in a vaccine, it increases the body’s immune response.

In pre-licensure clinical trials, adverse events after Heplisav-B were comparable to those observed after another U.S.-licensed, non-adjuvanted hepatitis B vaccine.